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The transitive case is a grammatical case used in a small number of languages to mark either argument of a transitive verb, but not used with intransitive verbs. Such as situation, which is quite rare among the world's languages, has also been called a ''double-oblique'' clause structure. Rushani, an Iranian dialect, has this case in the past tense. That is, in the past tense,〔or perhaps perfective aspect〕 the agent and object of a transitive verb are marked with the same case ending, while the subject of an intransitive verb is not marked. In the present tense, the object of the transitive verb is marked, the other two roles are not – that is, a typical nominative–accusative alignment.〔J.R. Payne, 'Language Universals and Language Types', in Collinge, ed. 1990. ''An Encyclopedia of Language''. Routledge. From Payne, 1980.〕 Intransitive: no case marking : :'I went to Xorog' Transitive, past tense: double case marking : :'I saw you' :(double oblique: literally 'me saw thee') Transitive, present tense: accusative case marking : :'I see you' :(nominative–accusative) According to Payne, it's clear what happened here: Rushani once had a split-ergative alignment, as is common in the area, where the object was marked (oblique) in the present tense, but the agent was marked in the past. The case forms of the object were then leveled, and with the marking applied to the past tense as well. However, this resulted in a complication, the typologically unusual situation where the agent and object are treated the same, and different from the intransitive subject. Given its rarity, one might expect such a system to be unstable, and indeed it appears to be changing. Payne reports that younger speakers change the past-tense construction to one of the following, either using the absolutive (= nominative) inflection for the agent: : :'I saw you' :(nominative–accusative) or secondarily marking the object as an object, using the preposition ''az'' (literally 'from'): : :'I saw you' :(effectively, accusative and double-accusative) ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Transitive case」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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